Background: The aim of this research was to isolate and identify the thermophilic Nano bacteria from Gheinarcheh Hot Spring.Methods: Microbial mats were found from Gheinarcheh Hot Spring in the north west of Iran (Latitude: 38° 16' 1.3012", Longitude: E 47o 48' 35.1123") and we tried to isolated protease producing thermophilic microorganisms. To identify features of these mats, synthetic media was used and incubated in temperature range between 60 to 1200oC also in autoclave. To describe this microbial biofilms, scanning electron microscopy was applied and DNA extraction was done with method of Sheima and PCR was performed with four universal 16S rRNA primers.Results: Microbial biofilms were discovered to be present in developmental stages of biofilm formation observed in our samples and was increased in high temperature between 60 until 1200oC and also in autoclave quickly. In triplicate SEM samples has been seen as the nano-sized features in the scale of 70 nm as Nano bacteria. DNA extracted was seen with gel electrophoresis and PCR was not performed with the universal 16S rRNA primers.Conclusion: The present work involves the isolation and characterization of thermostable Nano bacteria. Superficial and development recognitions of these thermophilic Nano bacteria were identified from Gheinarcheh Hot Spring.

Background: High level radiation areas have been recognized on various parts of the earth. Mahallat Hot Spring region is one of these areas. Study of exposure in these areas can be helpful in investigating the effects of ionizing radiation. Internal and external exposure to the staff was studied. Materials and Methods: Used materials and instruments include: RSS-112 ionizing chamber for environmental gamma rays measurement, pure germanium detector for measuring radioactive elements in the ground, liquid scintillation counter for measuring 222Rn gas concentration in water samples, Bubbler chamber and Locus cells for 226Ra concentration measurements as emanation method and Alfa guard detector for 222Rn concentration measurements. Results: Considering stay period of the studied groups in indoor and outdoor environment, calculated annual external effective dose for staff has been 514.8 ± 22.7 mSv. Annual internal effective doses for staff in outdoor and indoor environment has been 21.1 mSv. Annual internal effective dose for staff due to drinking water has been 32 mSv. Conclusion: Measurements showed that more than 90% of the received dose in the studied groups was due to inhalation of Radon gas. External and internal effective dose for the staff was 21.6 mSv. Considering these results Mahallat Hot Spring region is a high level natural radiation area (HLNRA).

Hot and mineral Springs are one the most beautiful attractions around the world and have a high contribution in tourism industry in some countries. In Iran more than 460 Hot Springs have been identified and it seems that there are many more to be explored. Different aspects of these Springs such as Spring rise, pools and water canals, deposits with different chemical compositions and colors, different algae coatings, historical monuments related to Hot Springs and natural landscapes around them are attracting many tourists. Another more important tourism attraction of Hot Springs is their therapeutic uses that have had a long history around the world and also in Iran. Hot Springs therapeutic uses are deeply related to their water geochemical characteristics. Fortunately Iranian Hot Springs have vast geochemical variations. Although these Springs have high tourism potentials, they have not been introduced appropriately nationally and internationally. They have not enough and appropriate health care and welfare facilities. Scientific introducing and studies of theses Springs alongside with providing health care and welfare facilities can make Iran as one of the therapeutic and natural tourism poles in the world.

Hot Springs in the study area between the city of Ramsar of Mazandaran province and city Tonekabon Chaboksr of Gilan province is located. The Hot Springs Outcrops in the limestone rock units - Upper Triassic dolomite - Middle Jurassic, Dolomite Elika Triassic and sand Quaternary. To determine the amount of pollution geochemical Hot Springs Ramsar 9 sample water to determine the concentration of 72 element and ancillary carefully ppb by machine ICP-MS Laboratory ACME Canada took. study primary Medical Geology Hot Springs Ramsar Considering the importance risks quantities too elements dangerous in this study, after measuring samples of water nine Hot Springs comparing values obtained with international standards determined that account element Fe, Hg, Mn, Na, U, Al, As, B, Cl-declared to international standards over the limit is.

Introduction: Hot Spring water is used for health and medical treatment. Hot Spring water, when passing underground rocks, is contaminated with radioactive materials and water soluble sinter. Therefore, using Hot Springs is associated with radiation hazards. There are Thorium (Th), Potassium (K), Uranium (U) and Caesium (Cs) as radioactive elements in sinter, soil and water of Hot Springs.Materials: First, the Th, K, U and Cs activity in the sinter, soil and water of Jooshan Hot Spring (30°09'38.7"N, 57°35'58.7"E) was measured by a CsI(Tl) detector. Then, using the radiation hazards equations, the amount of radiation hazards caused by radioactive elements in the sinter, soil, and Hot Spring water was investigated.Results: The XRD results indicated that the sinter composite of Jooshan Hot Spring is a combination of CaCO3 and SiO2 materials. The activity of Th, U, K and Cs elements in the water, sinter, and soil of Hot Spring were 38.76 ,11.07 ,0 and 3.05; 45.8, 2.77 and 3.05 Bq/kg, and 26.42 ,34.0, 0 and 12.19 Bq/kg, respectively. The radiation hazards of Jooshan Hot Spring using the radiation hazards equations was calculated.Conclusion: Due to the activity of Th, K, U, and Cs, the radiation injuries or hazards, including Daeq, Hin, and Hout for the sinter soil and water were calculated to be less than the reported limit. Therefore, using Jooshan Hot Spring has not any radiation hazards

The aim of this study is to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of Hot water Springs of Khoy-Maku geothermal field, the effect of different rocks, the role of hydrothermal fluids on increasing the concentration of ions and elements in Springs and estimating the reservoir equilibrium temperature. For this purpose, water samples were taken from Hot and cold Springs in september 2018. The results show that this water is confined and shallow and in them a water type is Na-HCO3. In Springs Na and HCO3 are 736 and 2122 mg/l, respectively. Results of ion ratios, hydrogeochemical diagrams show that the high concentration of ions in the water are related to the effect of host rocks and ion exchange. Hot water Springs have high Na, HCO3, and As and B are 1. 47 and 0. 7 mg/l, respectively. There are no evaporative rocks in the study area, therefore, the source of ions cannot be only attributed to the effect of rocks. Due to the presence of heat magmatic bodies in the depths, the high concentration of some elements, can be related to their separation from magmatic and hydrothermal systems. According Na-K-Mg diagram the thermal waters were immature waters. Therefore, the use of cation geothermometers to estimate the depth temperature of the geothermal reservoir in the region between 22 to 667 °, C, can not be accurate enough. Based on silica geothermometers, mineral saturation index and enthalpy–, silica mixing model, reservoir temperature was not very high and estimated in the range of 70 to 78°, C.

Background & Objectives: Water of swimming pools can be polluted by some materials of the swimmers bodies such as hair and respiratory microbial flora. Insufficient water treatment process will be a possible vector of infectious diseases to the swimmers. This study was performed to assess the biological quality of Ayoub Hot Spring.Material & Methods: The present study was a descriptive cross sectional. The samples were obtained twice per month from Ayoub public Hot Spring pool in 3 months during June to August. Temperature, pH, ORP, DO, EC, turbidity, free chlorine were measured on-site sampling. Standard methods were used to examine the samples for the total and fecal coliforms such as P. aeroginosa, S. aureus, and HPC. Finally, the data were analyzed using the Excel and SPSS- 16 softwares.Results: The average of temperature was higher than that the standard and the average of pH was about standard. Most pollution by the coliforms was during the July and August. The P. aeroginosa was also the most important pollutant on June. Conclusion: Pollution of Hot Spring in some of the seasons is higher than that the standard. Therefore, it is suggested that the monitoring and disinfection of the public Hot Spring pools should be considered more seriously. It is also necessary to limit the number of swimmers in public Hot Spring pools to reduce ratio of contamination.